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Kitty Genovese
A critical review of the March 27, 1964 New York Times article that first broke the story
FOOTNOTES
[Click here for a bibliography and list of sources for the case.]
Footnote 1: Howard Girsky, "Kitty Genovese Killer Seeks Freedom - Controversy Still Haunts 37-Year-Old Murder Case", The Queens Courier (Dec. 21 - 26, 2001). To read an online version of this article, click on the following link and then scroll to the bottom of the page. Close out the window to return here. Click here.
Footnote 2: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 18 min. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999) (N.B. The program can be purchased on video tape. My time does not include the initial 30 second History Channel promo.)
Footnote 3:
"[An Austin Street resident] said that the one change in the neighborhood that had helped to reassure her was new lighting on street lamps, which now have bright yellow beams that cover wide areas."
[Bracketed text is mine.] Martin Gansberg, "Kew Gardens Slaying: A Look Back", The New York Times, p. BQLI 15 (March 17, 1974).
Footnote 4: "... it was dark and under streetlamp lighting that was not very bright ... ." Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 4 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 5: Direct Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal, p. 237. [HTML] [PDF - 227 KB]
Footnote 6: Edward Weiland, "Austin Street Can't Forget an Unheeded Cry in the Night", The Long Island Press, p. 5, col. 4 (March 28, 1964).
Footnote 7: A. M. Rosenthal, "Study of the Sickness Called Apathy", The New York Times Magazine, Part 6, p. 24, col. 4, last para. (May 3, 1964).
Footnote 7.1: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, pp. 68 - 69 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 68 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 8: Brief of the Queens District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, p. 2. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
Footnote 8.1: During his interrogation by the police, the killer, Winston Moseley, told the officers that after he stabbed Kitty for the first time, he was "looking for a place to drag her and shut her up", indicating that he was not looking to put on a show. See, Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 129 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 9: Confession of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal pp. 531 - 532. [HTML] [PDF - 217 KB] Moseley said the same thing when he testified at his murder trial.
- Direct Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal, pp. 235 - 236. [HTML] [PDF - 227 KB]
- Cross Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal pp. 289 - 95. [HTML] [PDF - 372 KB]
Footnote 9.1: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 129 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 9.2: Loudon Wainwright, "A Very Special Murderer", Life Magazine, p. 21, col. 2 (July 3, 1964). Assistant Queens County District Attorney, Frank Cacciatore, sounded the same note at Moseley's trial when he told the jury:
"Winston Moseley told detectives exactly what he had done ... ."
[My emphasis] David Anderson, "Trial Begins in Queens Slaying," The New York Times, p. 41, col. 6 (June 9, 1964).
Footnote 10: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal p. 63. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 11: Trial Testimony of Robert Mozer, Record on Appeal p. 58. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 12: Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 4 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 13: Trial Testimony of Sophie Farrar, Record on Appeal p. 77. [HTML] [PDF - 92 KB]
Footnote 14: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal p. 69. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 15: Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal pp. 60 - 61. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 15.1: Remarks of Charles Skoller delivered at the March 9, 2004 Kitty Genovese Forum held at Fordham University. [Click here to read my transcription of those remarks.]
Footnote 15.2: "I spoke to at least twenty to twenty-five of the neighbors, preparing this case for trial." See, Remarks of Charles Skoller delivered at the March 9, 2004 Kitty Genovese Forum held at Fordham University. [Click here to read my transcription of those remarks.]
Footnote 15.3: "I don't think 38 people witnessed it. I don't know where that came from, the 38. I didn't count 38. We only found half a dozen that saw what was going on, that we could use." See, Jim Rasenberger, "Kitty, 40 Years Later", The New York Times, (Final Ed.) Sect. 14, p. 14, col. 3 (Feb. 8, 2004). Click here to read a copy of the article on the Middlesex County College web site. Close out the window to return here.
Footnote 16: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 63 - 64. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 17: Trial Testimony of Robert Mozer, Record on Appeal p. 57. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 18: Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 3 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 19: Trial Testimony of Sophie Farrar, Record on Appeal p. 77. [HTML] [PDF - 92 KB]
Footnote 20: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal p. 68. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 21: Trial Testimony of Andrew Picq, Record on Appeal pp. 60. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 22:
- Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 35, col. 2 (March 12, 1965) ("[I]t was bitterly cold.")
- Douglas Martin, "About New York - Kitty Genovese: Would New York Still Turn Away?", The New York Times, p. 29, col. 1 (March 11, 1989) ("[O]ne of the coldest March days on record ... .")
Footnote 22.1: Joshua Dressler, "Some Brief Thoughts (Mostly Negative) About 'Bad Samaritan' Laws," 40 SANTA CLARA LAW REVIEW 971, 983 (2000) ("Is it at least possible that some of the [Kitty Genovese] bystanders did not know she was in dire jeopardy? A person who wakes up from a sleep often fails to appreciate her surroundings.") (Bracketed text is mine.)
Footnote 23: John Melia, "Stigma remains from Genovese case", The New York Daily News, col. 3 (Queens Edition) (Month and day not known, 1984). [PDF - 231 KB]
Footnote 24: Times Metropolitan Editor, A.M. Rosenthal suggests that the witnesses were initially quite candid in discussing their recollections of the night Kitty was killed.
"Two weeks later, when this newspaper heard of the story, a reporter went knocking, door to door, asking why, why.
Through half-opened doors, they told him. Most were neither defiant nor terribly embarrassed nor particularly ashamed."
[Bracketed text is mine.] A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, p. 69 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 69 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 25: Milgram and Hollander, "The Murder They Heard", The Nation, pp. 602 - 04 (June 15, 1964) reprinted in The Long Island Press, p. 21 (July 5, 1964); see also, Martin Gansberg, "Murder Street: Would They Aid?", The New York Times, p. 37, col. 4 (March 12, 1965) (Reporting that one of the 38 witnesses recalled "the confusion the night of the murder".)
Footnote 26: See, for example:
- Charles Mohr, "Apathy Is Puzzle in Queens Killing", The New York Times, p. 21, col. 1 (March 28, 1964) ("Miss Genovese's cries aroused a total of 38 of her neighbors, some of whom witnessed the stabbing from their apartment windows.")
- David Anderson, "Trial Begins in Queens Slaying," The New York Times, p. 41, col. 6 (June 9, 1964) ("... 38 persons had seen or heard the attack ... .")
- David Anderson, "4 Kew Gardens Residents Testify To Seeing Woman Slain on Street", The New York Times, p. 50, col. 3 (June 10, 1964) ("In all, 38 persons in the respectable neighborhood had told the police later that they had seen or heard some part of the fatal attack ... .") (Notwithstanding the headline, nothing in the Times article suggested that anyone saw Kitty killed on the street.)
- John P. Shanley, "Moseley Hears Death Sentence, But Execution May be Put Off", The New York Times, p. 40, col. 3 (July 7, 1964) ("... 38 neighbors had seen or heard the assault")
- Ronald Maiorana, "Genovese Slayer Wins Life Sentence in Appeal", The New York Times, p. 37, col. 1 (June 2, 1967) ("... 38 of her neighbors had seen or heard the assault ... .")
- Joseph P. Fried, "Following Up - No Sympathy for Killer Of Kitty Genovese", The New York Times, p. 39, col. 1 (November 11, 2001) (38 witnesses had heard her screams or seen the attacker ... .")
Footnote 27: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, p. 62 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 62 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 27.1: Jim Rasenberger, "Kitty, 40 Years Later", The New York Times, (Final Ed.) Sect. 14, p. 14, col. 3 (Feb. 8, 2004). Click here to read a copy of the article on the Middlesex County College web site. Close out the window to return here.
Footnote 28: Brief of the Queens District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, p. 3. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
Footnote 29: Brief of the Queens District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, pp. 3 - 4. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
Footnote 30:
- Trial Testimony of Robert Mozer, Record on Appeal p. 58 ("He ran like a scared rabbit."). [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
- Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal p. 61 ("... the man run away very fast."). [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
- Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal p. 58 ("... he was running up the street."). [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
- Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal p. 58 ("... I saw a man hurrying to his car... ."). [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
- Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 5 ("Then the man ran west on Austin Street ... ."). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 31: Direct testimony of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal p. 236, 237. [[PDF] - 227 KB]
Footnote 32:
- Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal p. 61 ("... the poor girl get up slowly ... ."). [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]]
- Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 5 ("I ... saw the person slowly get up.") [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 33: Trial Testimony of Robert Mozer, Record on Appeal p. 59. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 34: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal p. 64. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 35: Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal p. 61. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 36: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 113 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses. Their name for the Mozers was Mr. and Mrs. Hatch).
Footnote 37: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 03 min. 28 secs. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999).
Footnote 38: Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 6 [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 39: Milgram and Hollander, "The Murder They Heard", The Nation, pp. 602 - 04 (June 15, 1964) reprinted in The Long Island Press, p. 21 (July 5, 1964).
Footnote 40: Loudon Wainwright, "The View From Here: The Dying Girl That No One Helped", Life Magazine, p. 21, col. 2 (April 10, 1964).
Footnote 41: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 4 min. 5 secs. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999).
Footnote 42:
- Confession of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal p. 529. [HTML] [PDF - 217 KB]
- Direct Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal p. 236. [HTML] [PDF - 227 KB]
- Cross Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal pp. 295 - 96. [HTML] [PDF - 372 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 113 - 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses).
- Brief of Queens County District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, pp. 1 - 2, 5 - 6. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
- Trial testimony of Robert Mozer, Record on Appeal p. 59. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
- Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal p. 61. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
- Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 6 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 43.1: Here is exactly what the Times reported during Moseley's murder trial:
"One curious discrepancy in the case attracted interest outside the court. On March 25 detectives of the 102d Squad, Richmond hill, Queens, in recounting the assault on Miss Genovese for a newspaper reporter, described three separate attacks, not two as depicted in the present court record.
Miss Picq's testimony that she 'heard two last screams for help' after Miss Genovese had rounded the corner of the parking lot suggested the possibility that a stabbing also took place there.
At the time the detectives said that witnesses had seen attacks in front of the bookstore on Austin Street, opposite No. 82-67; near the drugstore at the Long Island Rail Road parking lot, and, finally, inside the doorway at 82-62 Austin Street, four doors from where Miss Genovese lived.
Detectives described, in March, the elapsed time of the attacks at 32 minutes and said that the killer had returned to the murder scene three times."
David Anderson, "4 Kew Gardens Residents Testify To Seeing Woman Slain on Street", The New York Times, p. 50, cols. 2 - 3 (June 10, 1964). Notwithstanding the headline, nothing in the Times article suggested that anyone saw Kitty killed on the street.
Footnote 44: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 64, 66. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 45: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal pp. 68 - 73. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 46:
- Brief of Queens County District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 112 - 115 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses.).
Footnote 47: Confession of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal, pp. 527 - 536.. [HTML] [PDF - 217 KB]
Footnote 48:
"Moseley has developed a reputation for truthfulness in such matters. No one has had occasion to doubt one word of his detailed confession about killing Kitty Genovese."
Loudon Wainwright, "A Very Special Murderer", Life Magazine, p. 21, col. 2 (July 3, 1964). Assistant Queens County District Attorney, Frank Cacciatore, sounded the same note at Moseley's trial when he told the jury:
"Winston Moseley told detectives exactly what he had done ... ."
[My emphasis] David Anderson, "Trial Begins in Queens Slaying," The New York Times, p. 41, col. 6 (June 9, 1964).
Footnote 49:
- Confession of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal p. 529. [HTML] [PDF - 217 KB]
- Direct Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal p. 236. [HTML] [PDF - 227 KB]
- Cross Examination of Winston Moseley, Record on Appeal pp. 295 - 96. [HTML] [PDF - 372 KB]
- Brief of Queens County District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, pp. 1 - 2, 5 - 6. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 113 - 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses).
- The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 4 min. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999) (N.B. The program can be purchased on video tape. My time does not include the initial 30 second History Channel promo.)
Footnote 50: Moseley v. Scully, 908 F.Supp. 1120, 1124 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) aff�d 104 F.3d 356 (2nd Cir.1996).
Footnote 51: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at:
- 03 min. 28 secs. to 4 mins. 48 secs.
- 25 mins. 10 secs. to 27 mins. 15 secs.
(A&E Tele. Networks 1999) (N.B. The program can be purchased on video tape. My time does not include the initial 30 second History Channel promo.)
Footnote 52: This how Rosenthal described the killing:
"Lurking near the parking lot was a man. Miss Genovese saw him in the shadows, turned and walked toward a police box. The man pursued her, stabbed her. She screamed, "Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!
Somebody threw open a window. A man called out, 'Let that girl alone!' Other lights turned on, other windows were raised. The attacker got into a car and drove away. A bus passed.
The attacker drove back, got out, searched out Miss Genovese in the back of an apartment building where she had crawled for safety, stabbed her again, drove away again."
• A. M. Rosenthal, "Study of the Sickness Called Apathy", The New York Times Magazine, Part 6, p. 24, col. 4, last para. (May 3, 1964)
• A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, pp. 68 - 69 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to pp. 68 - 69 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 53: Maureen Dowd, "The Night That 38 Stood By as a Life Was Lost", The New York Times, sec. 2, p. B1, cols. 3 - 4 (March 12, 1984).
Footnote 53.1: Jim Rasenberger, "Kitty, 40 Years Later", The New York Times, (Final Ed.) Sect. 14, p. 14, col. 1 (Feb. 8, 2004). Click here to read a copy of the article on the Middlesex County College web site. Close out the window to return here.
Footnote 54: Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 37 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 55: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal pp. 68 - 73. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 56:
- Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 64, 66. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 113 - 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974)
Footnote 56.1: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 56.2: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 129 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 57: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 58: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 59: Maureen Dowd, "The Night That 38 Stood By as a Life Was Lost", The New York Times, sec. 2, p. B1, col. 5 (March 12, 1984).
Footnote 60: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 116 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses. Their name for Karl Ross was Harold Kline).
Footnote 61: "There's a Duty to Get Involved", The New York Daily News, p. 5 (April 2, 1964).
Footnote 62: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, pp. 57 - 58 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to pp. 57 - 58 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 63: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, p. 49 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 49 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 64: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, pp. 46 - 47 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to pp. 46 - 47 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 65: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, p. 46 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 46 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 66: "Letters", The New York Times Sunday Magazine, p. 22 (May 17, 1964).
Footnote 67: "Police Report Some Gain in Cooperation by Public", The New York Times, p. 35 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 67.1:
"As a [police] sergeant . . . [h]e would sit behind the precinct desk, write notations in the blotter, take telephone complaints, act as a funnel for cases that had to go up to the second-floor Detective Squad room. Whatever recordkeeping had to be done, and there was plenty, would be his responsibility."
[Bracketed text is mine.] Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 37 - 38 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 67.2: L. J. Davis, "It's Not Kitty Genovese Again", The New York Times, p. 27, col. 1 (December 19, 1984).
Footnote 68: "Some sociologists point to the environment as a factor. Violent crime was rare in Kew Gardens and people may not have fully understood what was happening" Kostya Kennedy, "Kitty Genovese: 30 Years Later", The Queens Tribune, p. 14, col. 1 (March 17, 1994).
Footnote 69: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 119 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 70: Milgram and Hollander, "The Murder They Heard", The Nation, pp. 602 - 04 (June 15, 1964) reprinted in The Long Island Press, p. 21 (July 5, 1964).
Footnote 71: "Letters", The New York Times Sunday Magazine, p. 6, cols. 2 - 3 (May 17, 1964).
Footnote 72: "There's a Duty to Get Involved", The New York Daily News, p. 5 (April 2, 1964). To that same effect is an article published a year after Kitty's death:
"But most people, according to the police, shun involvement out of fear or apathy. They still do not notify the authorities when they have witnesses a crime. Nor do they help a victim, nor are they willing to give evidence later of what they have seen."
"Police Report Some Gain in Cooeration by Public", The New York Times, p. 35 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 73: Charles Mohr, "Apathy is Puzzle in Queens Killing", The New York Times,, p. 21, col. 1 (March 28, 1964). Less than two weeks after Kitty's murder, New York City, The New York Times mentioned a case in the Bronx in which 40 people ignored the screams of an 18 year old r*pe victim.
Irving Spiegel, "Neighborly Spirit Asked by Wagner," The New York Times,p. 42, col. 4 (May 8, 1954).
Footnote 74: "Police Report Some Gain in Cooperation by Public", The New York Times, p. 35, col. 2 (March 12, 1965). Twenty years after Kitty's death, Bonx District Attorney Mario Merola told The New York Times, "The effect on the criminal justice system everyday of people who witness crimes and don't want to get involved is horrible." Maureen Dowd, "20 Years After Murder, Question Remains: Why?", The New York Times, Sec. 2, p. B4 (March 12, 1984).
Footnote 75: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 118 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 75.1: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal p. 69. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 76: "A Justice Story - The scream no one answered" The New York Daily News (Jan. 8, 1984).
Footnote 77: Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, paras. 6 - 7 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 78: Affidavit of Michael Hoffman, para. 12 (July 15, 2003). [HTML] [PDF - 251 KB]
Footnote 79: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 63 - 64. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 80: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 118 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman do not mention her by name, but their description of this witness - an old lady who worked at a racetrack - leaves no doubt that it was Frost).
Footnote 81: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 118 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman do not mention her by name, but their description of this witness - an old lady who worked at a racetrack - leaves no doubt that it was Frost).
Footnote 82: Curtis L. Taylor, "'Neighborhood Rues Reopening Of Murder Case", Newsday, p. A46, col. 1 (July 23, 1995).
Footnote 83:
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 117 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B., Seedman and Hellman used fictitious names for the witnesses. Their name for the Mozers was Mr. and Mrs. Hatch. Their name for Andree Picq was Georgette Share.)
- See also, Trial testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal, p. 62 ("I was still at the window scared, kind of frozen ... ."). [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
A year after the killing, Andree Picq, a native of France, told the Times:
"I tried last time [to call]; I really tried, but I was gasping for breath and was unable to talk into the telephone."
Martin Gansberg, "Murder Street: Would They Aid?", The New York Times, p. 37, col. 4 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 83.1: A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, pp. 50, 57 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to pp. 50 and 57 to read this book on another web site. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 84: R. Lance Shotland, "When Bystanders Just Stand By", Psychology Today, p. 52, cols. 2, 3 (June 1985).
Footnote 84:
- "With detectives, the reporter retraced the investigation, knocked on doors, asked 'Why?'" A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 1, p. 19 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 19 to read this book on another web site. Close out window to return here.
- "Two weeks later, when this newspaper heard of the story, a reporter went knocking, door to door, asking why, why. Through half-opened doors, they told him. Most were neither defiant nor terribly embarrassed nor particularly ashamed." [Bracketed text is mine.] A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case., Part 2, p. 69 (Berkeley : Univ. of Calif. Press 1999). Click here and scroll down to p. 69 to read. Close out window to return here.
Footnote 85: Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 37 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 86: R. Lance Shotland, "When Bystanders Just Stand By", Psychology Today, p. 52, col. 2 (June 1985).
Footnote 87: Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal p. 72. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
Footnote 88:
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (Seedman uses the ficitious names Emil and Elaine Power for the Koshkins).
- Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 37 (March 12, 1965).
- Thomas Pugh & Richard Henry, "Queens Barmaid Stabbed, Dies", The New York Daily News, p. 5, col. 3 (March 14, 1964) ("Kitty died in an ambulance en route to Queens General Hospital, Jamaica.")
- "Woman, 28, Knifed to Death", The Long Island Press, p. 1 (March 13, 1964) ("The victim. identified as Kitty Genovese, died on the way to Queens General Hospital.")
- Trial Testimony of Sophie Farrar, Record on Appeal p. 72. [HTML] [PDF - 92 KB]
- Brief of the Queens District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, pp. 2, 4. [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
Footnote 91: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 5 min. 35 secs. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999).
Footnote 92: Brief of the Queens District Attorney to the New York State Court of Appeals, p. 4 (Testimony of Ass't M.E. Benenson). [HTML] [PDF - 368 KB]
Footnote 92.1: Joe Coyne, "What Happened in Boston, Willie," The Theater Mirror (Oct. 2001).
Footnote 93: The History Channel, History's Mysteries - Silent Witnesses - The Kitty Genovese Murder, at 17 min. (A&E Tele. Networks 1999).
Footnote 94: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 117 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974).
Footnote 95: Donald P. Judges, "News Release: New Guidelines Strive To Minimize Blind Spots In Eyewitness Testimony, Researcher Says", (University of Arkansas, June 29, 2000). [Click here to read the statement.]
Footnote 96: Edward Weiland, "Austin Street Can't Forget an Unheeded Cry in the Night", The Long Island Press, p. 5, col. 5 (March 28, 1964).
Footnote 97: John Melia, "Stigma remains from Genovese case", The New York Daily News, col. 3 (Queens Edition) (Month and day not known, 1984). [PDF - 231 KB]
Footnote 98: Edward Weiland, "Austin Street Can't Forget an Unheeded Cry in the Night", The Long Island Press, p. 5, col. 4 (March 28, 1964).
Footnote 98.1: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 63 - 64. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB]
Footnote 98.2: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 117 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Molley Leffler" appears to be his fictitious name for Irene Frost).
Footnote 98.3: Trial Testimony of Irene Frost, Record on Appeal pp. 63 - 64. [HTML] [PDF - 99 KB] (Testifying that she did not see Moseley again after he ran away from the first attack.)
Footnote 98.4: Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal pp. 60 - 61. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
Footnote 99: R. Lance Shotland, "When Bystanders Just Stand By", Psychology Today, p. 52, col. 2 (June 1985) ("At times, people misinterpret rare events such as crimes even if they see them.").
Footnote 99.1:
- Trial Testimony of Andree Picq, Record on Appeal p. 62. [HTML] [PDF - 57 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 114, 117 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Georgette Share" was his fictitious name for Andree Picq).
Footnote 99.2: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 113 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Frances Hatch" was his fictitious name for Mrs. Mozer).
Footnote 99.3: Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 37 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 99.4: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Frances Hatch" was his fictitious name for Mrs. Mozer).
Footnote 100: Martin Gansberg, "Yes, Witnesses Report; Neighbors Have Doubts", The New York Times, p. 37 (March 12, 1965).
Footnote 100.1:
- Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal pp. 68 - 69. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, pp. 113, 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Isaac Hartz" and "Emil and Elaine Power" were his fictitious names for the Koshkins).
Footnote 100.2: Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Isaac Hartz" and "Emil and Elaine Power" were his fictitious names for the Koshkins).
Footnote 100.3:
- Trial Testimony of Samuel Koshkin, Record on Appeal pp. 71 - 72. [HTML] [PDF - 126 KB]
- Seedman & Hellman, Chief!, p. 114 (Arthur Fields Books, N.Y. 1974) (N.B. Seedman uses fictitious names for the witnesses. "Isaac Hartz" and "Emil and Elaine Power" were his fictitious names for the Koshkins).
Footnote 101: A. M. Rosenthal, "Study of the Sickness Called Apathy", The New York Times Magazine, Part 6, p. 24, col.s 2 - 3 (May 3, 1964) ("One person or two or three or even four witnessing a murder passively would have been the unnoticed symptom of the disease in the city's body and again would have passed unnoticed. But 38 - it was like a man with a running low fever suddenly beginning to cough blood ... .").
Footnote 101.1: Remarks of New York Times freelance writer, Jim Rasenberger, delivered at the March 9, 2004 Kitty Genovese Forum at Fordham University. ("But I think it's important to acknowledge that what happened is less shocking and less extreme and is far more complex than what is commonly supposed. * * * The irony, of course, is that if the story had not been exaggerated, it would have been a three day story, maybe a five day story.") [Click here.]
Footnote 102: A. M. Rosenthal, "Study of the Sickness Called Apathy", The New York Times Magazine, Part 6, p. 69 (May 3, 1964).
Footnote 103: Edward Weiland, "Austin Street Can't Forget an Unheeded Cry in the Night", The Long Island Press, p. 5, col. 4 (March 28, 1964).
Footnote 104: David Anderson, "4 Kew Gardens Residents Testify To Seeing Woman Slain on Street", The New York Times, p. 50, col. 2 (June 10, 1964). Notwithstanding the headline, nothing in the Times article suggested that anyone saw Kitty killed on the street.
Footnote 105: Letters to the Editor, The New York Times, p. BQLI 101 (March 24, 1974).
Footnote 106: "LBJ Hits Indifferent Witnesses", The Long Island Press, p. 25, col. 1 (May 7, 1964).
Footnote 107: Rochester, "What would Seinfeld have done?", 79 Wash.Univ.Law Quarterly 1185, 1200- 01 (2001).
Footnote 108: Harlan Ellison, "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs" published in "Deathbird Stories" (Olmstead Press, Feb. 2001).
Footnote 108.1: Phil Ochs, "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends" (A&M Records 1967).
Footnote 109: "Death Scream" also known as "The Woman Who Cried Murder" (ABC Movie of the Week, 1975). It starred Raul Julia, Lucy Arnaz, Edward Asner, Art Carney, Diahann Carol, Kate Jackson, Cloris Leachman, Tina Louise, Nancy Walker and Helen Hunt.
Footnote 110:
- "'38 Witnesses May Be a Film'", The New York Times, p. 26, col. 1 (Dec. 18, 1964).
- "Play Based on Genovese Killing Stirs Argentines", The New York Times, p. 38, col. 4 (June 29, 1966).
- "Play on Genovese Slaying Is Performed in Indiana", The New York Times, p. 45, col. 3 (Dec. 3, 1966).
- Jack Gould, "TV: The Genovese Case - 'N.E.T. Playhouse' reviews the Crime Without Throwing New Light on It, The New York Times, p. 59 (Feb. 24, 1968).
- "'Witnesses', a Play about Indifference, Opens on the Coast", The New York Times, p. 24, col. 1 (July 10, 1968).
- Alvin Klein, "Theater - A Musical Emerging From a 1964 Murder", The New York Times, (August 6, 2000).
- "Footlights - Echo of a Crime", The New York Times, Sec. 5, p. E1 (October 24, 2001) (Musical drama titled, "The Screams of Kitty Genovese", to be presented through collaboration between the Boston Conservatory and the National Music Theater Conference).
- "Kitty's death still haunts us", p. 23, The New York Daily News (Queens Edition) (month and day not known, 1984).
- "Study of Slaying Brings Award to 2", p. 31, The New York Times (Dec. 29, 1968).
- "Parley Is Called on 'Genovese' Cases", p. 64, col. 1 The New York Times (March 28, 1965) (Reporting that "Legal scholars, philosophers, sociologists and newspapermen from the United States, Australia, Britain and France" would attend a conference arranged by the University of Chicago Law School to discuss "a string of cases like that of Catherine Genovese."
- Maureen Dowd, "20 years After the Murder of Kitty Genovese, the Question Remains: Why?", The New York Times, Sec. 2, p. B1, col. 1 (March 12, 1984) ("This weekend, 20 years after the slaying, experts from [psychological, sociological and legal] fields and government officials gathered at Fordham University for a three-day Catherine Genovese Memorial Conference on Bad Samaritanism to share what they have learned. The university sponsored the conference with the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Justice and the Center for Responsive Psychology.")
Footnote 112: A. M. Rosenthal, "On My Mind - The Way She Died", The New York Times, p. 23, col. 1 (March 15, 1994).